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1795 in Canada

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Events from the year 1795 in Canada.

Incumbents

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Federal government

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Governors

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Events

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  • 1790s – British create protective tariffs to encourage timber production for Navy after Napoléon Bonaparte cuts off Baltic supply of tall trees and hardwood. First in New Brunswick then in Lower and Upper Canada. Montreal merchants expand transport to handle trade.
  • A road Act is passed, in Lower Canada, though opposed by country people, who fear a return of the Statue labor of Governor Haldimand's time.

Births

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Deaths

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Historical documents

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After Battle of Fallen Timbers, Lord Dorchester reports "Western Tribes positively demanded Assistance from the British and from the Six Nations"[2]

After visiting Upper Canada in 1795, Duke de la Rochefoucauld explains Governor General Lord Dorchester's powers and their limitations[3]

Dorchester lays out moves he had to make to keep U.S. Gen. Anthony Wayne from starting war at Detroit, given British diplomatic policy and U.S. politics[4]

Indian Department official strongly recommends that Indigenous leaders not be given liquor when land deals and other business is to be done[5]

Jay Treaty gives such advantage to British traders "that American traders will not be able to maintain a competition with them"[6]

After crossing from British to U.S. lines and going to Cincinnati, William Kenny sends apology to former enslaver Alexander McKee for leaving him[7]

Lower Canada

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"The general failure of the crops this year" has induced Gov. Gen. Lord Dorchester to prohibit their export until December[8]

Agricultural Society offers $40 (or gold medal or silver cup) for "largest quantity of merchantable Fall or Winter Wheat" grown on 1 arpent for 1797[9]

Ships from places of "plague, pestilence or disease" must quarantine; guns may be used to compel, and captains hiding disease commit capital crime[10]

Dorchester should work out with "Law Officers" and Protestant bishop how to make Church lands and Crown land productive and lucrative[11]

Montreal notary offers cash for Lower and Upper Canada land certificates belonging to those "inclined to dispose of the same"[12]

Teenage apprentice in Gazette printing shop dies of head wound from musket ball fired through window; coroner's verdict: willful murder[13]

Apprentice "about fourteen years old, middling stout of his age, with a remarkable flat nose" is missing, but "will be well treated" if he returns[14]

Baby lies next to hole in Lake Champlain ice where sleigh fell through; mother probably threw her to safety; good start to "a heroine's life in a novel"[15]

In addition to schooling for young men and public, "Messieurs Tanswell and Son" offer young women education they cannot receive in schools[16]

Montreal pastry chef offers "sweetmeats, conserves, blancmanges, gellies, and pyes hot or cold for journies, en gras et en maigre"[17]

Upper Canada

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Establishing British Constitution in U.C. offers "best method gradually[...]to disarm the spirit of democratic subversion" where it arose[18]

Thinking it conflicts with his authority, Lt. Gov. Simcoe wants reform of Indian Department, which he finds ignorant and indolent and people distrust[19]

Persons (including those born British subjects) from other countries must have lived in U.C. 7 years to be electable to legislature[20]

Settlers approved by Governor in Council may receive 200–1,200 acres of land, of which 2% must be cleared in first 3 years and 5% in next 4 years[21]

Simcoe links (pg. 349) education to "Children of the principal People[...]to qualify them for[...]leading functions in the Church and State"[22]

Simcoe wants "Protestant Episcopal University" in U.C. (or even in U.S.A.) to raise learned and united clergy favourable to Great Britain[23]

Simcoe wants pro-British newspapers "to counteract the baneful effects of the News Papers of the United States disseminated with great Industry"[24]

Temporary agreement requires U.C. not to tax goods from Lower Canada, but L.C. may tax goods from U.C., returning one-eighth of net to U.C.[25]

Early problems with bringing Pennsylvania Moravian Germans ("a moral, frugal, industrious, exemplary sect") to Upper Canada[26]

Simcoe told that Jay Treaty "will [concentrate] your future measures and [reduce] them to the internal Regulation and security of Upper Canada"[27]

After visiting U.C. in 1795, Duke de la Rochefoucauld alleges Simcoe's ambitions, plans and "maxims of government" at length[28]

Joseph Brant says disposing of some Indigenous land on Grand River is needed "to relieve the distressed Indians[...]not able to help themselves"[29]

Chabondasheam and three other Ojibwe chiefs agree to cede Penetanguishene region to British for £100 in goods[30]

Physician believes sickness in settlements comes from bad air emitted by rotting clearcut trees, and that they (including roots) should be burned[31]

Attempts to grow wild rice in England unsuccessful, so English visitor requests seeds (manoomin; Zizania palustris) from Upper Canada[32]

Joseph Banks reports find of "Indian earthen ware" at abandoned village near Lake Huron, and resembling pottery from Peru and Mexico[33]

Niagara woman's children escorted to New York City by her husband, travelling for one week through winter woods (accompanied by Joseph Brant)[34]

Painting: Niagara Falls[35]

Nova Scotia

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Lt. Gov. Wentworth says prosperity is increasing, provincial revenue will probably not need further duties and public debt will be extinguished[36]

Agriculture Society offers prizes totalling £100 to farmers raising most or heaviest quantity of wheat, flax seed, turnips, oxen, sheep and bulls[37]

Prohibition on further export of "Wheat and other Grain, Flour, Peas, Beef, Pork, and other Provisions" for 5 months[38]

Inspector-General of Mines wants both "Country Gentlemen [and] the Poor-Man" to watch for coal, gold, silver, copper, lead and other minerals[39]

Squadron commander at Halifax offers "exemption from all punishment" to deserters who return to service and possible recovery of forfeited wages[40]

Being exempt from militia service, Quakers ages 21-50 must work 4 days each year on highways or pay 3 shilling per day fine[41]

Loyalist with 200 acres in Shelburne County wants marshy tract where he can harvest hay for cattle that will support sawmill he plans to build[42]

Petition submitted on behalf of group planning grist and sawmill, who as Protestants are wanted because district is more than two-thirds Roman Catholic[43]

After militia fail to come to their aid, local inhabitants fire on its crew to drive off French privateer and rescue two ships taken by it[44]

"This morning his Majesty sloop of War 'Lynx', Capt. Hall, with two Mast-Ships under convoy, arrived here from New-Brunswick"[45]

Man is lost going from Chester to Windsor despite warning of "extreme badness of the road" and "changeableness and extremity of the weather"[46]

Night school open to teach youth "Arithmetic, Vulger, Decimal and Logarithmic,[...]Trigonometry, plain and spherical" and many other subjects[47]

Dancing school opened in Halifax "where Young Ladies and Gentlemen may be taught Minutes [sic], Country Dances, Cotillions and Hornpipes"[48]

The Beaux' Stratagem comedy to be presented for one night only; box seats 5 shillings, pit 3s[49]

"Umberella; Whoever has got one, on which[...]Theft is written in large Characters, is requested to return it to the Owner at Prince Edward Coffee-House"[50]

New Brunswick

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Letter to the editor reminds voters in House of Assembly election that "recent experience" shows men lacking "the shadow of capability" can win seats[51]

At polling place to elect new Legislative Assembly, James Glenie enlightens Sunbury freeholders on work of suddenly dissolved previous Assembly[52]

Address to Lt. Governor by Legislative Assembly notes that Saint John, St. Andrews and adjacent coast are not protected by guard ships on station[53]

Posing as French privateer, schooner Solide, "a piratical vessel fitted out of Charleston" South Carolina, is taken by British sloop-of-war Lynx[54]

Man says his wife "has, for this four years past, followed an excess of drinking, [and] left my Bed and Board, and her Family in great distress"[55]

Western interior

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North West Company voyageurs are "equal to any thing" and "patient, emulous; indefatigable, and capable of performing seeming impossibilities"[56]

Unlike other Indigenous peoples, Cree receive praise from Roderick Mackenzie as "good hunters, hospitable and brave"[57]

John MacDonell gives "Grand Diable" keg of liquor and "a Chiefs Clothing" for sending so many to trade and "giving the Fort a good name"[58]

"The Brigade" finds many bison carcasses along Assiniboine River; "7360 Drown'd & mired along the River and in it; three to five files deep" on shore[59]

Hudson's Bay Company

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Eleven York Factory men sent 100 miles (160 km) with 5 months' provisions to fell trees and saw planks, as "the Carpenters are at a stand"[60]

York chief factor's nephew "dreadfully mutulated" when fireworks he has in shirt pockets ignite at Guy Fawkes Night bonfire[61]

Children at Moose Factory taught reading and writing mornings and evenings, and boys work at clearing snow, setting snares, assisting men, etc.[62]

Elsewhere

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Moravian missionaries at Hopedale, Labrador "speak to the heathen, that [they] hearken [and] be translated[...]from the power of Satan to God"[63]

British officer reports Spanish evacuation of Nootka and turnover to British forces[64]

Chiefs of Seven Nations of Canada write to George Washington regarding return of their land in New York State[65]

St. John's Island (Prince Edward Island) legislature prohibits geese running loose in Charlottetown, and that such geese will go to public auction[66]

Dresses worn by Queen Charlotte, Princess of Wales, her bride's maids and various ladies are part of news coverage of Prince of Wales' wedding[67]

References

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  1. ^ "Kings and Queens of Canada". aem. 11 August 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  2. ^ "From Lord Dorchester to the Duke of Portland" (January 1, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume III, 1794-1795, pg. 251 (See also Joseph Brant letter reporting "Lake Indians" want to renew friendship, and letter to Brant telling him his efforts have little influence, as "the Indians[...]are sneaking off to General Wayne every day") Accessed 14 December 2023
  3. ^ "Lord Dorchester is Governor-general[...]," Statistical Account of Upper Canada; Vol. II (1822), pg. 130 (PDF frame 168). Accessed 13 December 2023
  4. ^ "From Lord Dorchester to the Duke of Portland" (April 25, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume III, 1794-1795, pgs. 346–8 Accessed 19 December 2023
  5. ^ "From Joseph Chew to Thomas Aston Coffin" (January 1, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume III, 1794-1795, pgs. 254–5 Accessed 14 December 2023
  6. ^ "Cato" ("Attributed to Alexander Hamilton"), Examination of the Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation(....) (republished 1795), pgs. 19–22 (PDF frames 20–23). Accessed 13 December 2023
  7. ^ "From William Kenny to Alexander McKee" (September 30, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume V, 1792-1796 - (Supplementary), pg. 151 (See also affidavit of man sent to find "Molato man Named Bill the property of Colonel McKee") Accessed 20 December 2023
  8. ^ "House of Assembly; Lower-Canada; Gentlemen(....)" (November 20, 1795), Journal of the House of Assembly, of Lower-Canada; From the 20th November 1795[....] (In English and French; 1796), pgs. 1, 3. Accessed 7 November 2023
  9. ^ "Quebec Branch" (September 18, 1795), The Quebec Gazette, Num. 1581 (September 24, 1795, Cahier 1), pg. 2. Accessed 12 December 2023
  10. ^ An Act to oblige ships and vessels coming from places infected with the plague or any pestilential fever or desease to perform Quarentine(...) (1795), 35 George III - Chapter 5, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 27 November 2023
  11. ^ "From the Duke of Portland to Lord Dorchester" (excerpt; April 6, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume III, 1794-1795, pg. 343 Accessed 19 December 2023
  12. ^ "Speculation -- Cash for Land" (March 9, 1795), The Quebec Gazette, Num. 1554 (April 2, 1795, Cahier 1), pg. 4. Accessed 8 December 2023
  13. ^ "Died on Tuesday evening[....]," The Quebec Gazette, Num. 1559 (May 7, 1795, Cahier 1), pg. 2. (See also item just below this one, saying suspect in case killed himself; inquest verdict: insanity) Accessed 8 December 2023
  14. ^ "Run away from the Subscriber[....]" (October 15, 1795), The Quebec Gazette, Num. 1585 (October 15, 1795, Cahier 1), pg. 4. Accessed 12 December 2023
  15. ^ Elizabeth Simcoe, "Wed. 18th [March 1795], The Diary of Mrs. John Graves Simcoe (1911), pg. 274 (PDF frame 274). Accessed 21 December 2023
  16. ^ "Education," The Quebec Gazette, Num. 1556 (April 16, 1795, Cahier 1), pg. 4. Accessed 8 December 2023
  17. ^ "Jean Gaston Pastry-Cook" (June 6, 1795), The Quebec Gazette, Num. 1566 (June 18, 1795), pg. 4. Accessed 8 December 2023
  18. ^ "From J.G. Simcoe to the Duke of Portland" (January 22, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume III, 1794-1795, pgs. 264–8 Accessed 14 December 2023
  19. ^ "From J.G. Simcoe to the Duke of Portland" (February 17, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume III, 1794-1795, pgs. 301–3 (See also Simcoe March 9 letter arguing constitutional and practical reasons for delegating Indigenous affairs to provincial council) Accessed 15 December 2023
  20. ^ An Act to ascertain The Eligibility of Persons to be returned to the House of Assembly (1795), 35 George III - Chapter 2, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 27 November 2023
  21. ^ "From Francis Le Maistre to J.G. Simcoe" (April 9, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume III, 1794-1795, pgs. 343–4 Accessed 19 December 2023
  22. ^ "From J.G. Simcoe to the Bishop of Quebec" (April 30, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume III, 1794-1795, pgs. 348–53 Accessed 19 December 2023
  23. ^ "From J.G. Simcoe to the Bishop of Quebec" (April 30, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume III, 1794-1795, pgs. 348–53 Accessed 19 December 2023
  24. ^ "From J.G. Simcoe to John King" (February 16, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume III, 1794-1795, pg. 298 (See also that Upper Canada Gazette printer is encouraged to publish true news favourable to government) Accessed 15 December 2023
  25. ^ Statutes Passed [by] First Provincial Parliament[...]6th July, 1795; Chapter III; An Act to ratify[...]the Provisional Agreement [between] this Province [and] the province of Lower Canada, Statistical Account of Upper Canada (1822), pgs. 122–4 (PDF frames 160–2). Accessed 13 December 2023
  26. ^ "From Phineas Bond to J.G. Simcoe" (February 16, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume III, 1794-1795, pg. 299 Accessed 15 December 2023
  27. ^ "From the Duke of Portland to J.G. Simcoe" (January 8, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume III, 1794-1795, pgs. 255–6 Accessed 14 December 2023
  28. ^ "Upper Canada is a new country[...]," quoted in Statistical Account of Upper Canada; Vol. II (1822), pgs. 131–40 (PDF frames 169–78). Accessed 13 December 2023
  29. ^ "From Joseph Brant to Joseph Chew" (February 24, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume III, 1794-1795, pg. 310 (See also Brant letter P.S. saying about 20 miles (32 km) of Grand River land must be disposed of, and why; also see how "Extremely distressed" Brant is at word his son has murdered "a White man") Accessed 18 December 2023
  30. ^ "Provisional Surrender; Penetanguishene, Ontario" (May 19, 1795), Library and Archives Canada. Accessed 13 December 2023
  31. ^ "From Dr. T. Mervin Nooth to J.G. Simcoe" (January 21, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume III, 1794-1795, pgs. 261–2 Accessed 14 December 2023
  32. ^ "From George Hammond to J.G. Simcoe; Memorandum on Wild Rice Enclosed" (February 20, 1795), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe[...]; Volume V, 1792-1796 - (Supplementary), pg. 133 Accessed 19 December 2023
  33. ^ "Philadelphia; Extract of a Letter from Sir Joseph Banks[....]" The Quebec Gazette, Num. 1590 (November 5, 1795, Cahier 1), pgs. 3-4. Accessed 12 December 2023
  34. ^ Letter of Catherine Hamilton (translation; February 25, 1795), The John Askin Papers; Volume I: 1747-1795 (1928), pgs. 540-2. Accessed 4 December 2023
  35. ^ Elizabeth Simcoe, "Watercolour Drawing; Niagara Falls, August 14th, 1795" McCord Stewart Museum. Accessed 7 December 2023
  36. ^ "Halifax, March 17," The Royal Gazette: and the Nova-Scotia Advertiser, Vol. VI, No. 308 (March 17, 1795), pg. 3 (left column). Accessed 29 November 2023
  37. ^ "Agriculture Society, Halifax, Nova-Scotia," The Royal Gazette: and the Nova-Scotia Advertiser, Vol. VI, No. 315 (May 5, 1795), pg. 4. Accessed 30 November 2023
  38. ^ "Proclamation," The Royal Gazette: and the Nova-Scotia Advertiser, Vol. VII, No. 350 (November 24, 1795), pg. 4 (centre column). Accessed 4 December 2023
  39. ^ "A Gentleman being appointed[....]," The Royal Gazette: and the Nova-Scotia Advertiser, Vol. VI, No. 317 (May 19, 1795), pg. 3 (right column). Accessed 30 November 2023
  40. ^ "Deserters from the Navy" (December 13, 1794), The Royal Gazette: and the Nova-Scotia Advertiser, Vol. VI, No. 300 (January 20, 1795), pg. 3 (centre column). Accessed 28 November 2023
  41. ^ Text of Militia Act, The Royal Gazette: and the Nova-Scotia Advertiser, Vol. VI, No. 313 (April 21, 1795), pg. 2 (right column). Accessed 30 November 2023
  42. ^ "Boole, Francis - 1795 - Shelburne County" (December 11, 1795). Accessed 6 December 2023
  43. ^ "Herlihy, Timothy - 1795 - Antigonish County" (April 22, 1795). Accessed 6 December 2023
  44. ^ "Halifax, Sept. 17," The Royal Gazette: and the Nova-Scotia Advertiser, Vol. VII, No. 341 (September 22, 1795), pg. 4. Accessed 1 December 2023
  45. ^ "Halifax, October 20," The Royal Gazette: and the Nova-Scotia Advertiser, Vol. VII, No. 345 (October 20, 1795), pg. 3. Accessed 4 December 2023
  46. ^ "Halifax, March 10," The Royal Gazette: and the Nova-Scotia Advertiser, Vol. VI, No. 307 (March 10, 1795), pg. 3. Accessed 29 November 2023
  47. ^ "Mathematics," The Royal Gazette: and the Nova-Scotia Advertiser, Vol. VII, No. 351 (December 1, 1795), pg. 3 (centre column). Accessed 4 December 2023
  48. ^ "Dancing," The Royal Gazette: and the Nova-Scotia Advertiser, Vol. VI, No. 298 (January 6, 1795), pg. 1 (centre column). Accessed 28 November 2023
  49. ^ "Halifax Theatre," The Royal Gazette: and the Nova-Scotia Advertiser, Vol. VII, No. 353 (December 15, 1795), pg. 3 (right column). Accessed 4 December 2023
  50. ^ "Umberella," The Royal Gazette: and the Nova-Scotia Advertiser, Vol. VII, No. 348 (November 10, 1795), pg. 3 (right column). Accessed 4 December 2023
  51. ^ "From the Royal Gazette," The Saint John Gazette and Weekly Advertiser, Volume X, Number 483 (August 21, 1795), pg. 1. Accessed 28 November 2023
  52. ^ "Mr. Glenies Address to the Electors of Sunbury" (September 1, 1795), University of Alberta Libraries. Accessed 6 December 2023
  53. ^ "Address to His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor on the subject of the defenceless state of the coasts of this Province. 3 Feb. 1795" (note: document bears date 3 March 1795), Legislative Assembly: Sessional Records, Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. Accessed 13 December 2023
  54. ^ "New Brunswick, St. John's September 11," The Quebec Gazette, Num. 1584 (October 8, 1795), pg. 2. Accessed 12 December 2023
  55. ^ "Whereas my Wife[....]" (August 21, 1795), The Saint John Gazette and Weekly Advertiser, Volume X, Number 483 (August 21, 1795), pg. 2 of 6 (righthand page, left column). Accessed 28 November 2023
  56. ^ Roderick Mackenzie, An Account of the Athabasca Indians by a Partner of the North West Company, 1795, Page 5 of 54. (See also Mackenzie's detailing (Page 49 of 54) of number of lakes, rivers, rapids and portages of the "common route of the Canoes") Accessed 20 December 2023
  57. ^ Roderick Mackenzie, An Account of the Athabasca Indians by a Partner of the North West Company, 1795, Page 8 of 54. (See also his praise for "Dog Ribs" (Tłı̨chǫ; Page 14 of 54) Accessed 20 December 2023
  58. ^ "Tuesday 24th (March 1795) Journal, Assiniboines and Rivière Qu'Appelle, 1793-1795, pgs. 28-9, In Pursuit of Adventure: The Fur Trade in Canada and the North West Company, McLennan Library, McGill University. (See also following journal entry in which writer has to pacify man and his wife after latter's "favors" are refused) Accessed 13 December 2023
  59. ^ "Monday 18th (May 1795) Journal, Assiniboines and Rivière Qu'Appelle, 1793-1795, pg. 34, In Pursuit of Adventure: The Fur Trade in Canada and the North West Company, McLennan Library, McGill University. Accessed 13 December 2023
  60. ^ Joseph Colen, "1795; [September] 25," "York Factory - Post Journal; 1795-1796" pg. 2 (PDF pg. 5). Accessed 22 December 2023
  61. ^ Joseph Colen, "1795; [November] 5," "York Factory - Post Journal; 1795-1796" pg. 4 (PDF pg. 7). Accessed 22 December 2023
  62. ^ John Thomas, "1795; [December] 9," "Moose - Post Journal; 1795-1796" pg. 7 (PDF pg. 12). Accessed 22 December 2023
  63. ^ "From Hopedale(....)" (August 21, 1795), 1790-1795, vol. 01: Periodicals Accounts Relating to the Missions of the Church of the United Brethren, pgs. 349-52 (frames 373-6), Memorial University of Newfoundland. (See also following letter, in which "Esquimaux" are considered "wretchedly depraved and corrupt creatures") Accessed 6 December 2023
  64. ^ "From the London Gazette - Tuesday, September 15," The Quebec Gazette, Num. 1594 (December 24, 1795, Cahier 1), pg. 1. Accessed 12 December 2023
  65. ^ "Chiefs of the Seven Nations LS Copy to George Washington, October 2, 1795; Fort George, New York" Great Britain Indian Department Collection, 1753-1795, University of Michigan Library. Accessed 13 December 2023
  66. ^ "An Act to prevent the running at large of Geese within the Town of Charlotte-Town" Anno Tricesimo Quinto Regis Georgii III (1795), Chapter 5, pgs. 224-5 (PDF 224). Accessed 27 November 2023
  67. ^ "London, May 5; Royal Nuptials," The Quebec Gazette, Num. 1568 (July 2, 1795), pgs. 2-3. Accessed 8 December 2023
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