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Fang people

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This article is about a central African people. For other uses, see Fang (disambiguation).

Fang people
4-faced Ngontang mask of Fang people
Total population
~1 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Equatorial Guinea (85%)
 Cameroon
 Gabon
Languages
Fang language, French, Spanish, Portuguese, English
Religion
Christianity, some syncretic with Traditional African religion
Related ethnic groups
Other Beti-Pahuin peoples

The Fang people, also known as Fãn or Pahouin, are a Bantu ethnic group found in Equatorial Guinea, northern Gabon, and southern Cameroon.[2][1] Representing about 85% of the total population of Equatorial Guinea, concentrated in the Río Muni region, the Fang people are its largest ethnic group.[3] The Fang are also the largest ethnic group in Gabon, making up about a quarter of the population.[4]

Language

The Fang people speak the Fang language, also known as Pahouin or Pamue or Pangwe. The language is a Northwest Bantu language belonging to the Niger-Congo family of languages.[5] The Fang language is similar and intelligible with languages spoken by Beti-Pahuin peoples, namely the Beti people to their north and the Bulu people in central. Their largest presence is in the southern regions, up to the Ogooué River estuary where anthropologists refer them also as "Fang proper".[2]

They have preserved their history largely through a musical oral tradition.[6] Many Fang people are fluent in Spanish, French, German and English, a tradition of second language they developed during the Spanish colonial rule in Equatorial Guinea, the French colonial rule in Gabon and the German-later-French colonial rule in Cameroon.[3]

History

The Fang people are relatively recent migrants into the Equatorial Guinea, and many of them moved from central Cameroon in the 19th century.[3]

Early ethnologists conjectured them to be Nilotic peoples from the upper Nile area. The people of Modern-day Gabon, and the Fang themselves have a commonly shared belief that the Fang, as well as their language, are not Bantu. Scholars such as Cheikh Anta Diop support this claim. Opponents of the claim typically rely on linguistic studies.[7] A combination of evidence now places them to be of Bantu origins who began moving back into Africa around the seventh or eighth century possibly because of invasions from the north and the wars of sub-Saharan Africa.[1] Their migration may be related to an attempt to escape the violence of slave raiding by the Hausa people,[1][8] but this theory has been contested.[1] Using glottochronology, historians have situated Proto-Fang speakers in the Southern Cameroon rainforest more than 4,000 years ago.[9]

The Fang people were victims of the large trans-Atlantic and trans-Saharan slave trades between the 16th and 19th centuries. They were stereotyped as cannibals by slave traders and missionaries, in part because human skulls and bones were found in open or in wooden boxes near their villages, a claim used to justify violence against them and their enslavement.[1] When their villages were raided, thousands of their wooden idols and villages were burnt by the slave raiders.[3] Later ethnologists who actually spent time with the Fang people later discovered that the Fang people were not cannibalistic, the human bones in open and wooden boxes were of their ancestors, and were Fang people's method of routine remembrance and religious reverence for their dead loved ones.[1][3][10]

Society and culture

A head dress of the Fang people with embedded artwork.

They have a patrilineal kinship social structure. The villages have been traditionally linked through lineage. They are exogamous, particularly on the father's side.[2] Polygamy was accepted in the culture of the Fang people.[1] The independence of villages from each other is notable, and they are famed for their knowledge of animals, plants and herbs in the Equatorial forests they live in.[1][11] They are traditionally farmers and hunters, but became major cocoa farmers during the colonial era.[3]

Under French colonial rule, they converted to Christianity. However, after independence their interest in their own traditional religion, called Biere, also spelled Byeri, has returned, and many practice syncretic ideas and rites.[2][3] One of the syncretic traditions among Fang people is called Bwiti, a monotheistic religion that celebrates Christian Easter but over four days with group dancing, singing and psychedelic drinks.[12]

The art works of Fang people, particularly from wood, iron and steatite, are regionally famous.[2][3] Their wooden masks and idol carvings are on display at numerous museums of the world.[13][14]

Art

The art works of Fang people, particularly from wood, iron and steatite, are regionally famous. Their wooden masks and idol carvings are on display at numerous museums of the world. Discovery of Fang artwork was source of inspiration for much of the European avant-garde artwork created during the 20th century.[15] Much of the art is either used for their masquerades, or function as reliquaries and effigies. All are primarily made by the men of the village.[16][17] There is reason to believe that many of these reliquaries were made during the Fang's migration as a form of burial which was also portable.[18]

Reliquary guardian head, Fang peoples, Gabon. Late 19th to early 20th century. Wood, metal, oil patina

Wooden heads

One of the most popular art forms attributed to the Fang culture are the wooden reliquary heads, many of which contain the skull or bones of ancestors.[15] There is a characteristic heart-shaped, concave face and large bulbous forehead. The heads are very abstract and focus on geometric form and covered in a black patina. Some appear to 'cry', which is streaks of resin made from a mixture of palm oil and other seed oils. The heads are tied to the ideas of welfare and social power.

Heads are an effigy and can be affixed to a wooden reliquary box/barrel.[18] The bones and skulls of deceased leaders are kept in cylindrical boxes that are decorated with wooden sculptured figures. These bones are believed to have special powers that protect the well-being of the community. The bones are always within the possession of the deceased leader's family and it's kept hidden from the eyes of the uninitiated and of women.[19]

Reliquary figures

Throughout Gabon, these figures serve as talisman or guardian to protect the remains of ancestors.[16] Known as bieri, byeri or mwan bian, these reliquary figures widely range in style, but most common characteristics are:[17]

  • short, rounded body parts
  • long torso
  • a large head
  • a prominent forehead and concave face

Some earlier figures had cavities in the abdomen as a place to store bones of ancestors.[16] The figures aren't completed until they are ceremoniously presented and rubbed with palm oil. Members of the community will continually visit figures and rub them with oil so they maintain their protective powers.

1617 Byeri reliquary figure, Fang, Gabon. The Byeri Figure used as a guardian statue to surmount the Reliquary Byeri Box in which bones of important ancestors were held.

It was during colonization that many of these reliquaries had to be destroyed due to missionary and government pressure.[17]

Music

Music plays a central role to the oral history of the Fang. The mvet is a musical instrument popular in the Fang society, which is played by the mbomo mvet.[20] The instrument is a chordophone with attached resonators. Often, one resonator is regarded as 'male' and the other as 'female'. Some mvet come with two, three, or even five strings. To become a master mbomo mvet takes years of dedication and sacrifice.

The mbomo mvet will often pass through villages once a month to play at the council house where all members of the village will gather to be entertained.[17] Members of the community participate by keeping time while the mbomo mvet plays and sings praises to the ancestors.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 415–419, 460. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  2. ^ a b c d e Fang people, Encyclopædia Britannica
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Jamie Stokes (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase. pp. 225–227. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0.
  4. ^ Equatorial Guinea People and Society; Cameroon People and Society; Gabon People and Society; CIA Factbook
  5. ^ Fang, Ethnologue
  6. ^ Alexandre, Pierre (1974). "Introduction to a Fang oral art genre: Gabon and Cameroon mvet". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 37 (1): 1. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00094799. S2CID 162578212.
  7. ^ d'Errico, Francesco; Hombert, Jean Marie (2009). Becoming Eloquent: Advances in the Emergence of Language, Human Cognition, and Modern Cultures. John Benjamins. ISBN 978-9027232694.
  8. ^ Gebauer, Paul (1971). "Art of Cameroon". African Arts. 4 (2): 24–35. doi:10.2307/3334518. JSTOR 3334518.
  9. ^ Howard, Allen M.; Shain, Richard Matthew (2005). The Spatial Factor in African History: The Relationship of the Social, Material, and Perceptual. BRILL. ISBN 9004139133.
  10. ^ John A. Shoup (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-1-59884-362-0.
  11. ^ Guyer, Jane I.; Belinga, Samuel M. Eno (1995). "Wealth in People as Wealth in Knowledge: Accumulation and Composition in Equatorial Africa". The Journal of African History. 36 (1): 91. doi:10.1017/s0021853700026992. S2CID 162801990.
  12. ^ J. Vansina (1984), Review: Fang Religious Experience, The Journal of African History, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 25, No. 2 (1984), pages 228-230
  13. ^ Chinua Achebe (1977), An Image of Africa, The Massachusetts Review, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Winter, 1977), pages 782-794
  14. ^ Guyer, Jane I. (1993). "Wealth in People and Self-Realization in Equatorial Africa". Man. 28 (2): 243–265. doi:10.2307/2803412. JSTOR 2803412.
  15. ^ a b Kaehr, Roland (Winter 2007). "A Masterwork That Sheds Tears... and Light: A Complementary Study of a Fang Ancestral Head". UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center. 40: 44–57.
  16. ^ a b c Perani, Judith (1998). The Visual Arts of Africa: Gender, Power, and Life Cycle Rituals. Pentice Hall. ISBN 978-0134423289.
  17. ^ a b c d d' Azevedo, Waren (1973). The Traditional Artists In African Societies. Indiana University Press. pp. 199. ISBN 9780253399014.
  18. ^ a b Martinez, Jessica Levin (Spring 2010). "Ephemeral Fang Reliquaries: A Post-History". UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center. 43 (1): 29. JSTOR 29546084.
  19. ^ Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 418. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.
  20. ^ Alexandre, Pierre (1974). "Introduction to a Fang Oral Art Genre: Gabon and Cameroon mvet". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 37: 1–7. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00094799. S2CID 162578212.

Bibliography

  • James W. Fernandez (1982), Bwiti: An Ethnography of the Religious Imagination in Africa, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691101224
  • Kaehr, Roland (Winter, 2007). "A Masterwork That Sheds Tears... and Light: A Complementary Study of a Fang Ancestral Head". UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center. 40: 44–57
  • Perani, Judith (1998). The Visual Arts of Africa: Gender, Power, and Life Cycle Rituals. Pentice Hall. ISBN 978-0134423289
  • D' Azevedo, Waren (1973). The Traditional Artists In African Societies. Indiana University Press. p. 199. ISBN 9780253399014
  • Martinez, Jessica Levin (SPRING 2010). "Ephemeral Fang Reliquaries: A Post-History". UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center. 43: 29
  • Alexandre, Pierre (1974). "Introduction to a Fang Oral Art Genre: Gabon and Cameroon mvet". Cambridge University Press on behalf of School of Oriental and African Studies
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