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Hedgehog (weapon)

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For the area denial weapon, see Czech hedgehog.

Hedgehog
On HMS Westcott, November 1945
TypeAnti-submarine mortar
Place of originUnited Kingdom
Service history
In service1942 to ?
Used byRoyal Navy
United States Navy
United States Coast Guard
Royal Canadian Navy
Production history
DesignerDirectorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development
Designed1941[1]
Specifications
Shell65 lb (29 kg)[1]
Calibre7 in (178 mm)[1]
Barrels24[1]
Effective firing range656–850 ft (200–259 m)
Filling30 lb (14 kg) TNT or 35 lb (16 kg) Torpex[1]
Detonation
mechanism
Contact

The Hedgehog (also known as an Anti-Submarine Projector) was a forward-throwing anti-submarine weapon that was used primarily during the Second World War. The device, which was developed by the Royal Navy, fired up to 24 spigot mortars ahead of a ship when attacking a U-boat.[2] It was deployed on convoy escort warships such as destroyers and corvettes to supplement the depth charges.

As the mortar projectiles employed contact fuzes rather than time or bathymetric (depth) fuzes, detonation occurred directly against a hard surface such as the hull of a submarine making it more deadly than depth charges, which relied on damage caused by hydrostatic shockwaves. During World War II out of 5,174 British depth charge attacks there were 85.5 kills, a ratio of 60.5 to 1. In comparison, the Hedgehog made 268 attacks for 47 kills, a ratio of 5.7 to 1.[3]

Development

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The "Hedgehog", so named because the empty rows of its launcher spigots resembled the spines on the back of a hedgehog, was a replacement for the unsuccessful Fairlie Mortar that was secretly tested aboard HMS Whitehall in 1941. The Fairlie was designed to fire depth charges ahead of a ship when attacking a submarine. The principle of firing projectiles forwards, instead of dropping depth charges over the stern, was considered viable, despite the failure of the Fairlie. This research by the Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development (DMWD) led to the development of the Hedgehog.[4]

The weapon was a multiple 'spigot mortar' or spigot discharger, a type of weapon developed between the wars by Lieutenant Colonel Stewart Blacker, RA. The spigot mortar was based on early infantry trench mortars. The spigot design allowed a single device to fire warheads of different sizes. The propelling charge was part of the main weapon and worked against a rod (the spigot) set in the baseplate which fitted inside a tubular tail of the 'bomb'. This principle was first used on the Blacker Bombard 1.1-inch (29 mm) Spigot Mortar and the later PIAT anti-tank weapon.

The adaptation of the bombard for naval use was made in partnership with MIR(c) under Major Millis Jefferis, who had taken Blacker's design and brought it into use with the Army. The weapon fires a salvo of 24 bombs in an arc, aimed to land in a circular or elliptical area about 100 feet (30 m) in diameter at a fixed point about 250 yards (230 m) directly ahead of the attacking ship. The mounting initially was fixed, but was later replaced by a gyro-stabilised one to allow for the rolling and pitching of the attacking ship.

The system was developed to solve the problem of the target submarine disappearing from the attacking ship's ASDIC when closer than the sonar's minimum range. The speed of sound in water was such that the time taken for the 'ping' echo to return to the attacking ship from a close by target submarine became too short to allow the human operator to distinguish the returning audible echo from the initial sound pulse emitted by the sonar – the so-called "instantaneous echo", where the output sound pulse and returning echo merge, with the submarine still out of depth charge range. A submarine in this "blind spot" became effectively invisible to the sonar, allowing it to make evasive manoeuvres undetected. The solution was a weapon mounted on the foredeck that discharged the projectiles up and over the ship's bow while the submarine was still detectable by the sonar, entering the water some distance in front of the ship.

History

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The Hedgehog entered service in 1942. Carrying a 35 lb (16 kg) Torpex charge, each mortar projectile had a diameter of 7.1 in (18 cm) and weighed about 65 lb (29.5 kg). The spigots were angled so the projectiles would land in a circular pattern with a diameter of 130 ft (40 m), about 200 yd (180 m) ahead of the ship's position. The projectiles would then sink at about 23 ft/s (7 m/s).[1] They would reach a submerged U-boat, for example at 200 ft (60 m) in under 9 seconds. Sympathetic detonation of projectiles near those contacting hard surfaces was a possibility, but the number of explosions counted was usually fewer than the number of projectiles launched.[5]

The prototype launcher was tested aboard HMS Westcott in 1941, but there were no submarine kills until November 1942, after it had been installed aboard one hundred ships.[1] Initial success rates, of about 5%, were only slightly better than depth charges. Swells and spray frequently covered the launcher during heavy North Atlantic weather,[6] and subsequent attempts to launch from the soaked launcher were often hindered by firing circuit problems, launching an incomplete pattern.[7] A depth charge total miss would still produce an explosion, leading crews to think that they might have damaged their target or at least demoralised its personnel; a Hedgehog miss was discouragingly quiet. The Royal Navy launched Hedgehog so seldom in early 1943 that a directive was issued ordering captains of ships equipped with Hedgehog to report why they had not used Hedgehog on an underwater contact.[8] The results were blamed on crew inexperience and low confidence in the weapon. However, after an officer from the DMWD was sent to the base at Londonderry, where the escort vessels were based, with better training and shipwide talks on examples of successful Hedgehog attacks, the kill rate improved considerably.[9] By the end of the war, statistics showed that on average, one in every five attacks made by Hedgehog resulted in a kill (compared with fewer than one in eighty with depth charges).[3]

In response to this new deadly threat to its U-boats, the Kriegsmarine brought forward its programme of acoustic torpedoes in 1943, beginning with the Falke. These new "homing" acoustic torpedoes could be employed effectively without the use of a periscope, providing submarines a better chance to remain undetected and evade counterattack.

In the Pacific Theatre, USS England sank six Japanese submarines in a two-week period with the Hedgehog in May 1944.[5]

In 1946, the destroyer escort USS Solar was destroyed while unloading ammunition when a crewman accidentally dropped a Hedgehog charge near one of her main turret ammunition rooms, triggering three devastating explosions that wrecked the superstructure.

Operational usage

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The launcher had four "cradles", each with six launcher spigots. The firing sequence was staggered so all the bombs would land at about the same time. This had the added advantage of minimising the stress on the weapon's mounting so that deck reinforcement was not needed, allowing the weapon to be easily retrofitted at any convenient place on a ship. Reloading took about three minutes.[1]

The Hedgehog had four key advantages over the depth charge:

  1. An unsuccessful attack does not hide the submarine from sonar.
    When a depth charge explodes, it can take 15 minutes before the disturbance can settle down enough that sonar becomes effective. Many submarines escaped during the time after an unsuccessful depth charge attack. Since Hedgehog charges explode only on contact, sonar tracking of the submarine is less likely to be disrupted by an unsuccessful Hedgehog attack.
  2. Proximity weapons (such as depth charges) need to be set for the target's correct depth to be effective. Contact-fuzed charges do not have that limitation, and an explosion at the time predicted for the contact-fuzed projectile to reach the target depth may indicate a "hit".[10]
    However, although knowledge of target depth was less important, the Hedgehog was less successful against deep targets. Doctrine based on combat experience discouraged use on targets deeper than 400 feet (120 m).[1]
  3. There is no "blind period" allowing the submarine to escape undetected.
    Until depth-finding sonar became available (the first was the Royal Navy's Q attachment in 1943), there was a "dead period" during the final moments before a depth-charge attack began when contact with the target would be lost. U-boat commanders became adept at sharp course changes and direction speed at these moments to break contact and escape. Hedgehog remained usable while the submarine was detectable by sonar giving it no time to take evasive actions.
  4. A direct hit by a single Hedgehog bomb was usually sufficient to sink a U Boat.[11]
    Many depth charges were required to inflict enough cumulative damage to sink a U Boat; even then, many survived hundreds of detonations over a period of many hours. For example, U-427 survived 678 depth charges dropped against it in April 1945. The effectiveness of the depth charge was reduced because they detonated at a set depth at a distance away from the submarine, the explosive shock was rapidly dissipated by a cushion of water between it and the target. In contrast the Hedgehog charge exploded in direct contact with the hull.[11] However, misses with the Hedgehog were silent and did not cause any damage unlike the cumulative damage caused by depth charging; nor did it have the same psychological effect as a depth charge attack.
  • Sailors observe a ring of small circular waves from the impact of Hedgehog bombs into the water
    USS Moberly makes a Hedgehog attack against U-853 in 1945.
  • A large white upwelling of water from an underwater explosion just ahead of Moberly's bow following Hedgehog launch[12]
    A large white upwelling of water from an underwater explosion just ahead of Moberly's bow following Hedgehog launch[12]
  • A destroyer moving to the left; on the water just ahead of her are two rings of small circular waves, one to either side of her path. The rings nearly meet directly ahead of her and are each about half her length in diameter.
    USS Sarsfield after firing dual Hedgehogs, 1950

Derivatives and successors

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A Mark-15 Hedgehog launcher on display at the USS Silversides museum in Muskegon, Michigan

In late 1943 the Royal Navy introduced Squid. This was a three-tubed mortar that launched depth charges. Initially it was used as a single weapon, but when this failed to be successful, it was upgraded to the "double squid" that consisted of two launchers placed in parallel. In 1955 this system was upgraded to the three-barrelled Limbo that launched 400 lb (180 kg) Minol charges.

The United States produced a rocket version of Hedgehog called Mousetrap, then Weapon Alpha as a replacement for both. Still, Hedgehog remained in service with the United States Navy into the Cold War until both Hedgehog and the less satisfactory Weapon Alpha were replaced by ASROC.[13]

Three "Hedgerow" flotillas of specialized Landing Craft Assault boats carrying the Hedgehog instead of troops were used during the Normandy landings.[14] An addition of impact fuse extensions in the projectile noses enabled detonating the warheads above ground. The bombs were used to clear 100-yard-wide paths through mines and barbed wire obstacles on the beach.[15][16]

The Australian Army adapted the marine Hedgehog into a land-based seven-shot launcher that could be mounted on the back of Matilda tanks.

In 1949, a copy of Hedgehog was created in the USSR called the MBU-200, which was then developed in 1956 into the MBU-600 with an increased range of 704 yards (644 m).[17]

Weapons derived from the Hedgehog have been largely phased out from Western navies in favor of homing torpedoes, and in Russia and allied states like India by anti-submarine rocket launchers like the RBU-6000.

Former operators

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General characteristics

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Live and practice projectiles – note the protective fuze caps (22) shown removed in the picture at the top of page.
Ammunition
  • Weight: 65 lb (29 kg)
  • Shell diameter : 7.2 in (183 mm)
  • Shell length: 3 ft 10.5 in (1,181 mm)
  • Explosive charge: 30 lb (14 kg) TNT or 35 lb (16 kg) Torpex
  • Range: about 250 yd (230 m)
  • Sinking speed: 22 to 23.5 ft/s (6.7 to 7.2 m/s)
  • Fuze: Contact, high explosive
Launcher
  • Firing order: Ripple in pairs, one every tenth of a second
  • Reload time: ~3 minutes

Variants

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  • Mark 10: elliptical pattern measuring about 140 by 120 feet (43 m × 37 m) to a range of 200 yards (180 m).
  • Mark 11: circular pattern measuring 200 feet (60 m) in diameter out to a range of about 188 yards (172 m).
  • Mark 15: pattern as for the Mark 11 but mounted on a platform adapted from that of a quadruple 40 mm Bofors gun mount. The Mark 15 could be fired remotely from the ship's plotting room.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 91&166. ISBN 978-0-87021-459-2.
  2. ^ Keegan, John (1989). The Price of Admiralty. New York: Viking. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-670-81416-9.
  3. ^ a b "Britain ASW Weapons". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  4. ^ Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1977). Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons & Warfare. Vol. 12. London: Phoebus. p. 1283.
  5. ^ a b Lanier, William D.; Williamson, John A. (1980). "The Twelve Days of the England". United States Naval Institute Proceedings. 106 (3): 76–83.
  6. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1975). The Battle of the Atlantic. Vol. I. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 212.
  7. ^ Middlebrook, Martin (1976). Convoy. New York: William Morrow and Company. p. 165. ISBN 0-7139-0927-7.
  8. ^ Milner, Marc (1985). North Atlantic Run. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-87021-450-9.
  9. ^ Pawle, G. (2009). The Wheezer and Dodgers. The inside story of clandestine weapon development in World War II. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1848320260.
  10. ^ Gretton, Peter (1974). Crisis Convoy. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-87021-925-2.
  11. ^ a b "The Hedgehog — Meet the Allies' Devastatingly Effective U-Boat Killer". www.militaryhistorynow.com. 29 April 2023.
  12. ^ USS Moberly, PF-63, U.S. Coast Guard, p. 4
  13. ^ Albrecht, Gerhard. Weyer's Warship of the World 1969. (Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute Press, 1969), pp. 325-328 & 340
  14. ^ "Major Landing Craft of World War II". The Royal Marines Museum. 6 October 2011. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  15. ^ * Ladd, James D. (1976). Assault From the Sea: 1939–1945. New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-88254-392-5.
  16. ^ "Royal Marines & Landing Craft" (PDF). Royal Marine Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2009.
  17. ^ Shirokorad, Alexander (220). Oruzhie Otechestbennogo Flota 1945-2000. Kharvest. pp. 562–565. ISBN 985-13-0183-3.
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