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St. Anthony Falls Historic District

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Coordinates: 44°58′54″N 93°15′31″W / 44.98167°N 93.25861°W / 44.98167; -93.25861
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St. Anthony Falls Historic District
Power Canal being made deeper with concentrated mills on both sides 1885 (Minnesota Historical Society) [2]
St. Anthony Falls Historic District is located in Minnesota
St. Anthony Falls Historic District
LocationMinneapolis, Minnesota
Coordinates44°58′54″N 93°15′31″W / 44.98167°N 93.25861°W / 44.98167; -93.25861
EngineerSignificant
William de la Barre
NRHP reference No.71000438[1]
Added to NRHPMarch 11, 1971
Addition 1991
Saint Anthony Falls looking upstream

The following are all the contributing resources to the Saint Anthony Falls Historic District in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, thus these properties are on the NRHP. The "period of significance" of the District was 1858–1941.[3] The district's archaeological record is considered to be one of the most-endangered historic sites in Minnesota.[4]

The Historic District

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The City Beautiful idea of progress was to replace old buildings with grander new buildings (like the Minneapolis Post Office, the Great Northern Railroad Depot (1912-1978) and the Pillsbury Library). The Gateway clearance in downtown Minneapolis tore down the now revered Metropolitan Building in 1961. That raised thoughts of historic preservation (thoughts that didn't include the industrial falls area).

By then on the west bank most of the flour mills had been torn down, with gravel storage on many of the sites. Waterpower use ended 1960. A few mills operated into the 1960s, with the end of milling, at the Washburn A mill about 1965. In 1969 four of the former flour mills remained standing. For all the historic buildings, use became abandonment, warehousing, light industry, or in one case animal rendering. Second St. had railroad tracks.

On the east bank the mighty Pillsbury A mill ended waterpower use 1955, had limited specialty flour milling after 1975, and ended milling in 2003. Three of the four Main Street historic buildings went from commercial to industrial to empty or storage.

The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 promoted historic preservation and created the National Register of Historic Places. Minneapolis created the St. Anthony Falls Historic District, and it was added to the NRHP in 1971. The original filing included 21 existing structures. Minneapolis had decided the riverfront and its history was an amenity that could attract people.

In 1980, the Minneapolis Park Board proposed extending the West River Parkway from Plymouth Ave. through the mill district. That triggered a section 106 review. The review found numerous archaeological remains in the mill area, particularly under gravel piles on the river side of the power canal. Remains were also found between the falls and Plymouth Ave.

A great deal of public money has been spent in the Historic District, both on public entities, like the Mill City Museum and Mill Ruins Park, but also (including tax credits) on private redevelopment of historic structures.[5]

A lot was learned about the Historic District, and the NRHP nomination was amended in 1991 with much more narrative on the significance plus over four times the entities. A lot of the additions were the archeological remains and the individual houses on Nicollet Island. [6] [7] [8]

Note that from the falls downstream the river flows substantially to the south east. In this article "south" will mean downstream and "east" is toward the east bank. (In some other sources "east" is downstream.)

Extant

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Saint Anthony Falls looking downstream, upper dam at left
Pillsbury "A" Mill and 1911 Main Street Station
Pillsbury "A" Mill
Stone Arch Bridge
Third Avenue Bridge
Washburn "A" Mill (right)
Crown Roller Mill after 1983 fire (HAER 1985)
Washburn A mill complex looking compass east (1997). From left Utility Building, Washburn A Mill (with scaffolding), Wheat House, Humboldt Mill, at top - head house over Elevator 1 with Gold Medal Flour signs, far right Elevator 2 & 3 (now razed) (HAER) [9]

St. Anthony Falls Waterpower Area

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Use of waterpower at the falls goes back to an 1821 sawmill and an 1823 grist mill, both built by Ft. Snelling.[10] As soon as the area was opened up to white settlement. the land was claimed to get the waterpower rights. The falls was a major saw mill center, then from 1880 to 1930 had the largest flour production in the US.[11] In 1881 the third central station hydroelectric plant in the US was built (for arc lights). Two major hydroelectric plants were built (1894/1911 and 1908) with a third plant (1895) just downstream. One of these plants is still operating. Other industries have also been powered by the falls. Minneapolis developed around these industries. A major part of the District is the remains of these industries (some literally archeological remains).

The Crown Roller Mill had the third highest flour production at the Falls. It was the first large mill that used gradual-reduction roller milling and middlings purifiers. Production ended 1953 and the building was used for warehouse and light industry. A disastrous 1983 fire destroyed the interior, the roof, and part of one wall. A new interior was built in the shell and a mansard roof restored. The renovation substantially restored the appearance and the building is still a contributing resource. The mill and attached boiler house are now an office building.[8][13]
Originally a wood timber sloping spillway for the river, the apron protected the falls and stopped the upstream progression and, when originally built, prevented damage from logs that escaped from the then prevalent sawmills. The wood apron was replaced with a concrete one in 1952 and is the very visible spillway.
  • Falls of St. Anthony Dike[14] [1876- ]
A concrete wall across the river under he limestone cap to fix the Eastman tunnel disaster.[15]
  • Falls of St. Anthony Dam (Horseshoe/upper dam) [1858- ]
  • Falls of St. Anthony, East Channel Escarpment Hennepin Island E of access road extension of 3rd Ave SE
Location of the waterfall in the east channel (now blocked) of the river around Hennepin Island. It is the only exposed instance of the original falls.
The A-mill and four adjacent buildings in the complex were redeveloped into the income limited A-mill Artist Lofts (2015). The Concrete Elevator on 2nd St. SE is also part of the complex.[21][22]
  • Pillsbury "A" Mill Transformer Building, Hennepin Island W of the substation [1918- ]
There does not appear to be a building as described at the location described.
  • Pillsbury Industrial Equipment/Pillsbury Machine Shop, 300 Second St. SE [1916- ] (now an event venue, cocktail lounge 2016[23])
  • Pillsbury Warehouse #2, 129 Fifth Ave. SE [1919- ]
Part of the 2015 redevelopment to the income limited A-mill Artist Lofts
  • Pracna Building,[17] 117 Main St. SE [1890- ]
Built in 1890 as a saloon and closed 1919 (prohibition). It was a machine shop when architect Peter Nelson Hall bought it in 1968 when the area was run down, and redlined for mortgages. Nelson lived on the upper floors and in 1973 opened a restaurant and bar, Pracna on Main - the initial revival of the east bank.[24][25]
  • Salisbury & Satterlee Company Complex,[17] 201–205; 219 Main St. SE [1885, 1892, 1906, 1909- ]
  • St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, on Hennepin Island [1938- ]
  • St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co. Canal/Pillsbury Canal, from a gate house at 2nd Ave SE and the river then under Main St. to the mid west wall of the Pillsbury A mill. [1881- ]
The tunnel (it was never a canal[26]) was the headrace for the Pillsbury "A" mill turbines (also the Phoenix mill). As part of the redevelopment of the A-mill complex into income limited A-Mill Artist Lofts a penstock pipe was added to the tunnel to supply a new hydroelectric generator in the downstream turbine pit.[27]
  • St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co. Tailrace/Chute Tunnel, under Main St. SE, from about 3rd Ave to 5th Ave SE [1864, 1874- ]
The St. Anthony Water Power Company planned to build a headrace canal similar to the west bank Power Canal (1858), and a lower tailrace tunnel - both under Main St. SE. The tailrace construction started 1864 near the foot of 5th Ave. SE and went back to Main St. then upstream under Main St. The tunnel hit a previously unknown cave, now called Chute's Cave, and the project was abandoned. Pettigill's Amusement Resort operated on top of the bluff from 1875 until 1880 and offered tourist boat trips into Chute's Cave (tunnel).
Work restarted 1874 on a tailrace for the Phoenix Mill at 3rd St SE and Main, then downstream under Main St. to just before the walled-off cave and out to the bluff. The tailrace was used by the Phoenix until it closed in 1956.
Chute's Cave ( not a contributing resource) is an oval about 100 ft. by 200 ft. under Main St. It is just downstream from the Pillsbury A Mill tailraces. The cave is in sandstone with a limestone roof. The center of the cave has break-down from when the limestone failed 1880, leaving a large hole in Main St.
The cave and tunnels still exist. The cave is accessible, but not easily. The entrance to the original tunnel at the bluff is closed but the tunnel can be accessed from the cave. The tunnel has increasingly deep mud[28] away from the cave. The cave and Phoenix tunnel are bat hibernaculum[29][30]
The A-mill complex had many buildings, most of which became the Mill City Museum. The complex also includes:
- Washburn-Crosby No. 1 Elevator [1908- ] 15 (3x5) large diameter circular elevators on the south east corner of the complex with " Gold Medal Flour" signs on top; the elevators were among the first to use the circular reinforced-concrete form pioneered by Peavey–Haglin (1900)
- Utility Building, 700 2nd St S, [1914- ] a completely separate building that housed flour packaging operations plus, at times, Betty Crocker's kitchen and studios for the Washburn- Crosby CO radio station (now Washburn Lofts)
- Washburn-Crosby Feed Elevator [1928- ] 15 (3x5) smaller diameter circular elevators north of Elevator No. 1
  • Washburn-Crosby Company Train Shed, 700 Block of 1st St. S. [1918- ] (now part of the Mill City Museum)

Nicollet Island Residential Area

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The upstream end of Nicollet Island had historic houses of varying architectural styles, and developed as a predominantly middle and working class neighborhood. Plans for redeveloping Nicollet Island were to demolish the houses for a park. The Minneapolis Housing and Redevelopment agency started buying properties in 1968. Residents wanted the houses to remain. In an epic struggle the residents won in 1983.[32][33]

  • Adams-Barquist House, 177 Nicollet St.
  • Andrew and Ole Loberg House,[34][35] 171 E. Island Ave.
  • Andrew and Ole Loberg House,[34][35] 175 E. Island Ave.
  • Backe-Barquist House, 91 Nicollet St.
  • Baker-Leber House, 95 W. Island Ave.
  • Barquist-Holmberg House, 167-169 Nicollet St.
  • Brookins, George, W., House, 163 Nicollet St.
  • Griswold, Franklin G., House, 15-17 Maple Pl.
  • Griswold, Franklin, G., House, 107-109 W. Island Ave.
  • Grove St. Flats (Eastman Flats), 2-16 Grove St. [1877- ]
  • house, 27 Maple Pl.
  • house, 18-20 Maple Pl.
  • John Mayell House (also listed as "Mayall, John, House"), 93 Nicollet St.
  • Meader-Farnham House,[34][35] 103-105 W. Island Ave.
  • Murphy, Edward, House,[34][35] 167-169 E. Island Ave.
  • O'Brien-Meyer House, 185-186 E. Island Ave.
  • Pease, R.M.S, House,[34][35] 101 W. Island Ave.
  • Pye, James, House, 163 E. Island Ave.
  • William D. Burnett Tenement, 111-113 W. Island Ave.
  • Woodward Flat Duplex, 183-184 E. Island Ave.
  • Woodward Flat Fourplex, 187-190 E. Island Ave.

Extant - Other

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  • Ard Godfrey House, Ortman St (Chute Square) [1849- ]
The Ard Godfrey house, built for Godfrey[36] in 1848, is the oldest remaining frame house in the Twin Cities. Godfrey came to St. Anthony as the first millwright to build the first commercial sawmill at the falls[37] for Franklin Steele. Godfrey and family lived in the house from 1849 to 1853. The house, originally built approximately behind what is now Pracna, has been moved 4 times to preserve it and at its present location on Chute Square has been extensively restored. It has been a museum open for tours.[38] From St. Anthony Falls, in 1853 Godfrey established a dam and saw mill, then gristmill in the lower glen between Minnehaha falls and the river.[39]

Razed (but with archeological remains)

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Arctic, Union, Holly and Cataract flour mills
Center - St.Anthony Falls; to left - dam where lock will be built (1963); to left - small building is Power Canal Gatehouse (1858-1960); right - single tall stack is Pillsbury "A" Steam Power Plant (1903-1964); Stone Arch Bridge (1883) feeds Great Northern Depot (1913-1978) above Hennepin Ave. Bridge; bottom Lower Dam Hydroelectric Plant (1895-1988) & Lower Dam (1895-1956), above it - 4 piers from 10th Ave. S bridge (one remains), right -Southeast Steam Plant (1903); center - Hennepin Island Hydroelectric Plant (1908) ca 1955 (City of Minneapolis Archives)

Associated with the West Bank Power Canal

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The falls was the leading US flour milling center from 1880 to 1930. In the following decline many of the west bank mills were demolished in the 1930s. Into the 1960s most of the rest of the west bank mills were demolished or abandoned. Mills were demolished to the ground surface, leaving foundations, drop shafts, tailraces, headraces and sometimes turbines intact. Abandonment of the riverfront meant those remains were not destroyed by new development. Many of these sites are part of the Mill Ruins Park.

Elevators No. 2 & 3 were large grain elevators south of the Washburn A mill complex. They were separated from the complex by railroad tracks and connected by a conveyor tunnel. Elevator 2 (1916) was just north of 10th Ave S, and elevator 3 (1929) was just south (outside the Historic District). They accepted grain from rail box cars or trucks (1958) and fed the mills. When milling ended in 1965 the elevators were used for storage, with grain coming in by truck (or rail) and shipped out by rail or river barge (1969). Minneapolis bought the elevators in 1987 and General Mills (Washburn-Crosby) continued to use the elevators until 1993, when use ended and the elevators stood vacant. The end of the once heavy rail use at the falls facilitated redevelopment. The elevators were demolished 1998, and likely nothing remains. Gold Medal Park now occupies the site.[43][8]

Razed - Other

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  • Bridge No. L-9331, across Tenth Ave S, farthest east of 2nd St S. [1916-?] (now the Gold Medal Park)
  • Bridge No. L-9332, across Tenth Ave S, further east of 2nd St S. [1916-?] (now the Gold Medal Park)
  • Bridge No. L-9333, across Tenth Ave S, immediately east of 2nd St S. [1892-?] (now the Gold Medal Park)
  • Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha RR Roundhouse, 6th Ave N & W River Parkway [~1891-?]
  • Eastman tunnel [1868-1869]
  • Gateway Residential Area, along West River Parkway between Hennepin Ave and 3rd Ave S. (ca. 1862-1883)
A mostly residential area developed on the lower terrace next to the river (West River Parkway) from Hennepin Ave. to 3rd Ave. Most of this area was part of John H. Stevens' homestead and included his house. Residents had to move in 1883 because of railroad incursion. The Stone Arch Bridge (1883) connected rail to a Union Depot (1885) built just south of Hennepin Ave. There are archeological remains of Gateway. A Post Office expansion (1989) toward the river without a section 109 review destroyed and made inaccessible a significant part of the archeological remains.[44][45]
  • Hennepin Avenue Bridge Archaeological Site
The site has archeological remains of the 1854 suspension bridge, the first permanent bridge across the Mississippi, and the 1876 second Hennepin Ave. suspension bridge. Remains are on both the west bank and Nicollet Island. Anchors are shown in the west bank First Bridge Park.
  • Pacific Sawmill, W of West River Parkway between 1st and 2nd Ave. N.
  • Phoenix Flour Mill/Pillsbury Rye Mill,[46] 101-103 Third Ave SE [1875-1956]
  • Pillsbury "A" Steam Power Plant, Hennepin Island, E of access road extension of 3rd Ave SE [1903-1964]
River flow is variable, and particularly in the winter, mills may have to shut down from inadequate water flow. Many mills supplemented water power with steam. The first was the Pillsbury A mill with a 1,400 HP steam engine in 1884. When electricity was available from away from St. Anthony Falls (St. Croix Falls, about 1910 ) electricity was also used.[47]
  • Second East Side Platform Sawmills, East river channel between foot of Second Ave. SE and foot of Third Ave. [1871-1895]
  • West Side Power Plant, 3rd Ave. N and West River Road

Other historic properties

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Minneapolis Boiler Works. The large building to the right is the Ceresota Elevator.(HAER 1985)

These historic properties are, or were, in what is now the St. Anthony Falls Historic District but are not contributing resources to the District.

  • Brown Ryan Livery Stable [ca. 1880- ]
Built about 1880 at 20 2nd St NE, the building was in the way of a high-rise residential project. In 1981 Minneapolis moved the building to 25 Main St SE. It is now the Brown & Ryan Building (office space) and is part of the Riverplace complex.[48]
  • Fuji Ya Restaurant 420 S 1st St [1968-ca. 2018]
Reiko Weston opened the Fuji Ya restaurant in 1968. It was built on the partially exposed foundations of the Bassett Sawmill engine house and the Columbia Flour Mill. The restaurant closed in 1990 after part of the parking had been taken to build the West River Parkway. The restaurant (then owned by the Park Board) long stood abandoned. The building was demolished and a new Water Works Pavilion and Restaurant, built by the Park Board on the same historic foundations, opened in 2021. Fuji Ya is significant as the early commercial rediscovery in the west bank industrial wasteland[49][50]
  • Merriam Street Bridge - crosses the Mississippi from the lower end of Nicollet Island to the east river bank.
Originally part of the ornate Broadway Avenue Bridge, built in 1887. When that bridge was replaced in 1985 one span was moved (floated) down river to become the Merriam Street Bridge.
  • Minneapolis Boiler Works - 121-129 Fifth Ave (NE corner of 2nd St S and 5th Ave S) (1881, 1884, 1885-1985)
The building housed multiple iron working firms and other manufacturers, including the Minneapolis Boiler Works and Phoenix Iron Works. In 1908 the south end of the building was demolished to make way for the Northwestern Consolidated (Ceresota) Elevator A. In 1985 the remaining building was demolished for Whitney Mill Quarter Redevelopment. It appears the building was considered as a contributing property to the historic district, but it wasn't added. It is likely nothing remains of the building. Millers Landing Senior Living and a plaza now occupy the site.[51]
The house was built in 1850 downstream from the Hennepin Ave. bridge near present West River Parkway. It is the first permanent house in Minneapolis and is the second oldest remaining house in what is now Minneapolis. The Ard Godfrey house is slightly older but was built in what was then St. Anthony. The Stevens house has been moved four times and is now in Minnehaha Park.[52]


Panoramic photo from the new Water Power Park, visible from this vantage: the lower portion of Saint Anthony Falls; the concrete wall on the far side of the falls is part of the locks to allow ships to pass the waterfall; to the left is the Stone Arch Bridge, above it is the Guthrie Theater; to the right of the Guthrie are the white silos and reconstructed shell of the former Washburn "A" Mill, now the Mill City Museum; to the right of the museum are a series of redeveloped flour and grain mills making up a significant portion of the city's Mills District.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 15, 2006.
  2. ^ River is on the left. Left side mills starting nearest Pillbury B, Excelsior, Minneapolis Paper, Northwestern, Pettit, Zenith, Galaxy, Palisade Mill. All but one were demolished by 1931, and the last one in 1932. On the right starting nearest Washburn C Elevator, Washburn A Mill.
  3. ^ Nomination 1971, p pdf 87
    The period of significance starts with construction of the Horseshoe dam in 1858. (The Upton Block and 1st Hennepin Ave suspension bridge antedate.) The St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory is the last resource constructed before the end of the period of significance in 1941.
  4. ^ "10 Most Endangered Places". Preservation Alliance of Minnesota. 2008. Archived from the original on January 21, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  5. ^ Hart, Joseph (January 7, 1998). "Sold Down the River': Minneapolis's brave new riverfront will have parks, museums, and upscale condos. Who said subsidized housing was just for the poor?". City Pages. Archived from the original on December 27, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  6. ^ Nomination 1971, pp. 21–26.
  7. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 4–10, 74–75.
  8. ^ a b c Calvert, Ann (July 19, 2015). "Chapter Two of the Crown Roller Mill Story". Mill City Times. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  9. ^ The 1991 disastrous A Mill fire destroyed the east section interior and the west section (shown) interior above the 3rd floor. Scaffolding may be fire related. In 2003 the A mill (and Wheat House) opened as the Mill City Museum.
  10. ^ Engineering 2015.
  11. ^ Nomination 1971, pp. pdf 3, 33, 91.
  12. ^ [date built - date demolished]
  13. ^ Hess, Demian; Hess, Jeffrey (1990). "HAER MN-12 - Crown Roller Mill". Historic American Engineering Record. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2023. data pages
    The report documents the mill after the 1983 fire and before the 1987 redevelopment.
  14. ^ a b Nomination 1971, has 2 pages missing following pdf page 36. That leaves contributing resources #2, #3 and #4 in that part of the list missing. From pdf page 83, #3 is the "St. Anthony Falls Dike". From the map on pdf page 105 #2 is the Falls of St. Anthony Apron, #3 is the dike and #4 is the 3rd Ave. Bridge..
  15. ^ "HABS MN-29-5-A - Pillsbury Milling Complex, Pillsbury "A" Mill - data pages" (PDF). Historic American Buildings Survey. National Park Service. 1936. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2022. With addenda pdf pg 54 1893 map of St. Anthony Falls; the dike can be seen labeled "government dyke"
  16. ^ "Humboldt Lofts". Minneapolis Urban Homes. Archived from the original on January 26, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  17. ^ a b c d Now part of Saint Anthony Main, a commercial/restaurant complex along Main St. Pracna, which was originally a saloon, led the rediscovery of Main St.
  18. ^ DePass, Dee (July 8, 2020). "Owner of Ceresota senior-living facility in downtown Minneapolis files for bankruptcy". Minneapolis StarTribune. Archived from the original on February 16, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  19. ^ a b c Also independently on the NRHP
  20. ^ a b Also a National Historic Landmark
  21. ^ "A-Mill Artist Lofts: 2017 Colvin Case Study Challenge" (PDF). University of Maryland. Colvin Institute of Real Estate Development. November 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
  22. ^ "A-Mill Artist Lofts". Dominium. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  23. ^ "Machine Shop". Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  24. ^ Hall, Peter (February 28, 2009). "Minneapolis Riverfront Redevelopment Oral History Project: Interview with Peter Nelson Hall". Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  25. ^ Nelson, Rick (April 6, 2015). "Streetscapes: Pracna on Main defined the changing riverfront". .Star Tribune. Minneapolis. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
  26. ^ "HABS MN-29-5-A - Pillsbury Milling Complex, Pillsbury "A" Mill". Historic American Buildings Survey. National Park Service. 1936. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022. "Data Pages" - Survey, with 4 addenda, includes most of the Mead and Hunt report that extensively documents the tunnel, with pictures, plus additional documentation and history
    pdf pg 102 - Called a "canal" because of bad associations with "tunnel" after the Eastman tunnel disaster. .
  27. ^ Mead & Hunt (May 2014). "Pillsbury A Mill Tunnel Historic and Engineering Condition Study" (PDF). Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 5, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2022. Extensive description of the A-mill headrace tunnel before the A-Mill Artist Lofts conversion began, including many pictures.
  28. ^ The |Action Squad (urban explorers) visited the cave and tunnel 10-24-00 and 8-18-01 with a picture of the |mud and |entrance from the cave to the tunnel. Both pictures are better if brightness is adjusted
  29. ^ Nomination 1971, pp. pdf 85-86.
  30. ^ Brick, Greg; Petersen, Penny (Spring 2004). "Ten-cent tour - The story of Chute's Cave". Hennepin History. 63 (2). Hennepin History Museum: 4–25. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
    Includes a map with the cave
  31. ^ "Aster Cafe". Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  32. ^ Nomination 1971, pp. 169–180, 185–191.
  33. ^ Peterson 2007, pp 7-8. 22-25 and 25-33 for the houses.
  34. ^ a b c d e Nomination 1971, pp. 169–180, 190.
  35. ^ a b c d e Peterson 2007, pp 26-34 Five historic houses have been moved from the east and west bank to Nicollet Island, in some cases to escape demolition..
  36. ^ Nomination 1971, pp pdf 119=122 "The Godfrey House was built by a carpenter by the name of Charles Mousseau who also built the Stevens House.".
  37. ^ Ft. Snelling built a "government" sawmill (1821) and a flour mill (1823) on the west bank.
  38. ^ "Ard Godfrey House". Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  39. ^ Rich and Susan Cairn (2003). "History of Minnehaha Creek Watershed" (PDF). Minnehaha Creek Watershed District. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 29, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
  40. ^ "Nicolet Island Inn". Archived from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  41. ^ a b c d e As mills were demolished, five of them, with their turbines, were used by Northern States Power Company to generate electricity in what was known as the Consolidated Hydro Plant. This facility ended in 1960 when construction of the lock around the falls blocked the Power Canal.
  42. ^ a b "Water Works Pavilion - history". Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board. Archived from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2022. The Fuji Ya restaurant (1968-1990) was built on the partially exposed foundations of the Bassett Sawmill enginehouse and the Columbia Flour Mill. The Minneapolis Park board redeveloped the site as the Water Works Pavilion and Restaurant (2021). Cf Fuji Ya.
  43. ^ Frame, Robert M. III; Roise, Charlene K.; Gardner, Denis P. (1997). "HAER MN-92: Washburn Crosby Company Elevators No. 2 & 3". Historic American Engineering Record. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  44. ^ Nomination 1971, pp pdf 184, 197-206.
  45. ^ Anfinson, Scott F. (1989). "Archaeology of the Central Minneapolis Riverfront Part 1: Site Inventory - Gateway". The Minnesota Archaeologist. 48 (1–2). Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2022. History of the Gateway area - west bank near the Hennepin Ave. Bridge.
  46. ^ The Phoenix mill was opened in 1875, demolished in 1956, and was then used as a surface parking lot. In 2007 "Phoenix on the River Condos" opened on the site and the site behind on 2nd St SE. Maybe the drop pit and tailrace tunnel into Chute’s Tunnel remain?
  47. ^ "HABS MN-69-C - Washburn-Crosby Milling Complex, West Engine House". Historic American Buildings Survey. National Park Service. 1936. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022. "Data pages" provide documentation of the West Engine House of the Washburn A Mill Complex but a 2005? addendum has a history of milling and power technology at the falls including the use of waterpower, steam and electricity.
  48. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 76, 85–86, 94, 112.
  49. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 7, 41, 70, 74.
  50. ^ Hall 2009.
  51. ^ Hess, Jeffrey A.; Hess, Demian (January 1990). "HAER No. MN-13: Minneapolis Boiler Works Building" (PDF). Historic American Engineering Record. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  52. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 3, 4.
[edit]
  • "St. Anthony Falls Historic District Map" (PDF). Minneapolis CPED. Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission. December 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2022. Revised District boundaries.
  • Coddington, Donn; Hess, Jeffrey. "Nomination of the St. Anthony Falls Historic District to be on the National Register of Historic Places". (1971, 1991). US-DOI-NPS. Retrieved April 1, 2019. the application from the City of Minneapolis to the National Park Service to place the St. Anthony Falls Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places (it was placed there). Consists of the original 1971 application (some pages in the wrong order) and a much longer 1991 addition. This is the definitive list of contributing resources. It has extensive descriptions of "contributing resources" and sections on the significance of the district.
    Location of the sites in the waterpower district can be found on the map on pdf pg 105.
    Much the information in this article from before 1991 comes from this source.
  • Peterson, Penny; et al. "Architecture and Historic Preservation on the Minneapolis Riverfront" (PDF). March 2007. The Saint Anthony Falls Heritage Board. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
    History of the area a little larger than the Falls Historic District and the preservation of the buildings. Good information on the history of structures and their reuse. Also on new construction, some of which fits in with the historic, and some of which definitely doesn't. Good pictures of all.
    A significant source of information in this article.
  • Pictures from the St. Anthony Historic District are available at the NRHP. There are pictures, historic and recent, for many of the properties above.
  • "Engineering the Falls: The Corps of Engineers' Role at St. Anthony Falls". US Army Corps of Engineers. October 27, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
  • Kane, Lucile (1987). The Falls of St. Anthony: The Waterfall That Built Minneapolis. Minnesota Historical Society. A heavily footnoted standard history of the development at the Falls
  • Anfinson, Scott F. (1989). "Archaeology of the Central Minneapolis Riverfront Part 1". The Minnesota Archaeologist. 48 (1–2). Retrieved January 1, 2022. An investigation of the archeological sites along the proposed West River Parkway from Plymouth Ave. to the edge of Bohemian Flats. History of the area from glaciers to present, particularly history of the buildings at the sites. Includes illustrations and photos.
  • Anfinson, Scott F. (1990). "Archaeology of the Central Minneapolis Riverfront Part 2". The Minnesota Archaeologist. 49 (1–2). Retrieved January 1, 2022. Development of industries and details of archeological investigations at the sites in Part 1. Includes illustrations and photos.
  • "A Historic Walking Tour of St.Anthony Falls" (PDF). University of Minnesota. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 18, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
    A walking tour of the falls area with 40 stops and descriptions at each stop. About 70% of the features are contributing resources.
  • "St. Anthony Falls map with 40 locations identified". University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on January 27, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
    A map of the falls area with numbers and a list of what is at that number. The list is the same properties as the tour above.
  • "St. Anthony Falls Historic District". Minnesota Historical Society (nrhp.mnhs.org). Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2007.
    Over half of these entries are not contributing resources or are not in the current St. Anthony Falls Historic District

Historic American Buildings Survey and Historic American Engineering Record

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Likely all of the investigations of District historic properties.

Pillsbury A Mill Complex (now part of the A-Mill Artist Lofts)

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Pillsbury A Mill Complex (other)

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Washburn-Crosby A Mill Complex (now part of the Mill City Museum)

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Washburn-Crosby A Mill Complex (other)

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Washburn-Crosby A Mill Complex (after the 1991 fire)

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Other properties

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after the 1983 fire
Ceresota Elevator
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