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Spitting

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Expectorate)
For other uses, see Spit (disambiguation).
A cartoon of Charlie Chaplin spitting on the ground (1931, by Hinko Smrekar)

Spitting is the act of forcibly ejecting saliva, sputum, nasal mucus and/or other substances from the mouth. The act is often done to get rid of unwanted or foul-tasting substances in the mouth, or to get rid of a large buildup of mucus. Spitting of small saliva droplets can also happen unintentionally during talking, especially when articulating ejective and implosive consonants.

Spitting in public is considered rude and a social taboo in many parts of the world including the West, while in some other parts of the world it is considered more socially acceptable.

Spitting upon another person, especially onto the face, is a global sign of anger, hatred, disrespect or contempt. It can represent a "symbolical regurgitation" or an act of intentional contamination.[1]

Cultural attitudes

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Europe and North America

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Social attitudes towards spitting have changed greatly in Western Europe since the Middle Ages. Then, frequent spitting was part of everyday life, and at all levels of society, it was thought ill-mannered to suck back saliva to avoid spitting.[citation needed] By the early 1700s, spitting had become seen as something which should be concealed, and by 1859 it had progressed to being described by at least one etiquette guide as "at all times a disgusting habit." Sentiments against spitting gradually transitioned from being included in adult conduct books to so obvious as to only appear in guides for children to not be included in conduct literature even for children "because most [Western] children have the spitting ban internalized well before learning how to read."[2]

Advisory on the wall of a building in New Orleans

Spittoons (also known as cuspidors) were used openly during the 19th century to provide an acceptable outlet for spitters. Spittoons became far less common after the influenza epidemic of 1918, and their use has since virtually disappeared, though each justice of the Supreme Court of the United States continues to be provided with a personal one.[3]

In the first half of the 20th century the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, the precursor to the American Lung Association, and state affiliates had educational campaigns against spitting to reduce the chance of spreading tuberculosis.[4] According to the World Health Organization coughing, sneezing, or spitting, can spread tuberculosis.[5] The chance of catching a contagious disease by being spit on is low.[6]

After coffee cupping, tea tasting, and wine tasting, the sample is spit into a 'spit bucket' or spittoon.

There have been instances of spitting reported in the US, particularly from American men.[7] In Minnesota, instances have been reported from some young people.[8][9] In Canada, spitting has been reported for cities such as Ottawa and Winnipeg.[10][11]

Other regions

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In certain nations, spitting is an accepted part of one's lifestyle.

Spitting has been attributed to some people[further explanation needed] from Asia-Pacific countries such as Bangladesh,[12] China,[13][14][15] India,[16][17] Indonesia,[18] Myanmar,[19][20][21] Papua New Guinea,[22] Philippines,[23][24][25] South Korea,[26][27] United Arab Emirates,[28][29] and Vietnam.[30][31][32] The practice is often linked to betel chewing in many of those regions.[33] Spitting has also been reported in some parts of Africa, such as Ghana.[34]

In India and Indonesia, spitting is often associated with various forms of chewing juices.[35]

According to Ross Coomber, a professor of sociology at Plymouth University, spitting is perceived as a cleansing practice for the body by many individuals in China.[35]

Competitions

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There are some places where spitting is a competitive sport, with or without a projectile in the mouth. For example, there is a Guinness World Record for cherry pit spitting and cricket spitting, and there are world championships in Kudu dung spitting.

Spitting as a protection against evil

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In rural parts of North India, it was customary in olden days for mothers to lightly spit at their children (usually to the side of the children rather than directly at them) to imply a sense of disparagement and imperfection that protects them from evil eye (or nazar).[36] Excessive admiration, even from well-meaning people, is believed to attract the evil eye, so this is believed to protect children from nazar that could be caused by their own mothers' "excessive" love of them.[36] However, because of hygiene, transmission of disease and social taboos, this practice has waned and instead a black mark of kohl or kajal is put on the forehead or cheek of the child to ward off the evil eye. Adults use an amulet containing alum or chillies and worn on the body for this purpose. Sometimes, this is also done with brides and others by their loved ones to protect them from nazar.

Shopkeepers in the region used to sometimes make a spitting gesture on the cash proceeds from the first sale of the day (called bohni), which is a custom believed to ward-off nazar from the business.[37]

Such a habit also existed in some Eastern European countries like Romania, and Moldova, although it is no longer widely practiced. People would gently spit in the face of younger people (often younger relatives such as grandchildren or nephews) they admire in order to avoid deochi,[38] an involuntary curse on the individual being admired or "strangely looked upon",[38] which is claimed to be the cause of bad fortune and sometimes malaise or various illnesses.[39] In Greece, it is customary to "spit" three times after making a compliment to someone, the spitting is done to protect from the evil eye.[40] This applies to all people, not just between mothers and children.

A similar-sounding expression for verbal spitting occurs in modern Hebrew as "Tfu, tfu" (here, only twice), which some say that Hebrew-speakers borrowed from Russian.[41]

Anti-spitting hoods

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Main article: Spit hood

When a suspect in a criminal case is arrested, they will sometimes try to spit at their captors, which often causes a fear of infection by Hepatitis C and other diseases. Spit hoods are meant to prevent this.

Gleeking

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Gleeking is the projection of saliva from the submandibular gland under the tongue. It can happen deliberately or accidentally, particularly when yawning.[42][43]

In other animals

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Civic Sense. Excel Books India. pp. 116–. ISBN 978-93-5062-032-8.
  2. ^ Arthur, Robert (2012). You Will Die: The Burden of Modern Taboos. Feral House. ISBN 978-1-936239-46-7. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  3. ^ Joan Biskupic (2007-03-19). "Supreme Court holds to tradition". USA Today.
  4. ^ The American Lung Association Crusade, University of Virginia Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, retrieved 2014-12-16
  5. ^ "Tuberculosis".
  6. ^ "Why is spitting so bad?". BBC News. 12 March 2018.
  7. ^ John Metcalfe (2012-01-25). "Are Cities Right to Criminalize Public Spitting?". Bloomberg.
  8. ^ Brandt Williams (2015). "Are Mpls. laws that ban spitting, 'lurking' racist?". Minnesota Public Radio.
  9. ^ Charles Hallman (June 4, 2015). "Mpls city council considers repeal of lurking, spitting laws". Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder.
  10. ^ Jo Holness (September 2, 2015). "A letter to those spitting on Winnipeg's streets, just stop already". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
  11. ^ Bruce Deachman (2009). "Spit happens". The Ottawa Citizen.
  12. ^ Emily Manthei (March 13, 2018). "What Are Things to Do in Bangladesh?". USA Today.
  13. ^ AGNESS WALEWINDER (2014-05-05). "What Chinese locals are really like". News.com.au.
  14. ^ ONSIRI PRAVATTIYAGUL (2014). "Tourism troubles". Bangkok Post.
  15. ^ "Chinese tourists overtake Americans as richest and most annoying". The World (radio program). May 28, 2013.
  16. ^ RAKHI BOSE (2019-04-15). "UK City Puts Up Sign in Gujarati and Announces Rs 13,000 Fine to Stop Indians From Spitting Paan". News18.
  17. ^ Jason Overdorf (April 29, 2010). "India health: Spit and polish?". The World (radio program).
  18. ^ KALPANA SUNDER (2021). "A woman leads campaign to make spitting in public illegal in India". TRT World.
  19. ^ Dave Grunebaum (February 3, 2020). "In Myanmar, Betel Quid Chewing Remains Popular Despite Risks". Voice of America.
  20. ^ "Red betel nut stains cause alarm in South Korea | Coconuts Yangon". Coconuts. 2019-03-14.
  21. ^ ITN (2012-12-20). "Burma's politicians call for spitting ban - video". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  22. ^ "'Scared to chew': How a betel nut chewing habit nearly cost an ARIA-award winning singer his gift". ABC News (Australia). 2018-07-21.
  23. ^ PATERNO R. ESMAQUEL II (2012). "Punish spitting, says solon; but how?". Rappler.
  24. ^ "No Spitting of Moma in Philippines". Lonely Planet.
  25. ^ Dumlao, Artemio (August 13, 2021). "Betel woes: Barangay suspends 'freedom of spit'". The Philippine Star.
  26. ^ Aparna Yeluru (2016-07-21). "No more spitting, please". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X.
  27. ^ He-rim, Jo (2018-11-26). "[Feature] Why do people spit on streets in Korea?". The Korea Herald.
  28. ^ Mohammad Ejaz Ahmad (February 4, 2018). "Banned betel leaves still causing trouble". Gulf News.
  29. ^ Anwar ahmad (February 12, 2017). "Almost 200 in Abu Dhabi fined in 2016 for spitting on streets". The National (Abu Dhabi).
  30. ^ "Expats name annoying habits in Vietnam". Tuoi Tre News. 2018-10-28.
  31. ^ "Vietnamese travelers told to show a little decorum". VnExpress. April 1, 2016.
  32. ^ "Beware! You may get spit in your face while driving in Vietnam". Tuoi Tre News. 2015-05-10.
  33. ^ Johan Nylander (2016-09-06). "Taiwan tries to kick deadly addiction to betel nuts". CNN.
  34. ^ Mabel Delassie Awuku (2020). "Stop The Haphazard Spitting – It's Covid-Friendly". ModernGhana.
  35. ^ a b "Plymouth professor studies Asian spitting behaviour". BBC News. 2013-04-17. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
  36. ^ a b John Abbott (1984), Indian ritual and belief: the keys of power, Usha, 1984, ... A woman spits on a child to avert from it her own evil-eye ...
  37. ^ S.W. Fallon (1879), A new Hindustani-English dictionary: with illustrations from Hindustani literature and folk-lore, Medical Hall Press, ... bohni ... the first money received during the day, or the first ready-money sale ... no credit being given as a rule for the article first sold ... many superstitious people will spit on ... bohni thoni, rad bala ...
  38. ^ a b "Ptiu să nu te deochi" - an article about spitting against "deochi" in a Romanian newspaper
  39. ^ Revista de Superstitii si Obiceiuri Populare | Deochiul - superstitie sau adevar? (Deochi - superstition or truth?) Archived 2013-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ greekembassy.org Archived 2011-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ "Word of the Day / Jook ג׳וק A grisly load from Russian". Haaretz. Haaretz online, 18 August 2013.
  42. ^ "Salivary Gland Terminology (Anatomy, Salivation, Dry Mouth, Drooling) | Iowa Head and Neck Protocols". medicine.uiowa.edu. Retrieved 2024-07-24.
  43. ^ "What purpose does "gleeking" serve? | San Diego Reader". www.sandiegoreader.com. Retrieved 2024-07-24.
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