Kaingaroa Forest
38°45′S 176°34′E / 38.750°S 176.567°E
Kaingaroa Forest covers 2,900 square kilometres (1,100 sq mi) of the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand, and is the largest forest plantation in New Zealand, and the second largest in the Southern Hemisphere (after the 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) Sabie/Graskop plantation in South Africa).[1] The forest stretches from Lake Taupō in the south to Kawerau to the north and has roughly 20 million trees. The headquarters of the forest are at the small settlement of Kaingaroa, Bay of Plenty, 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Rotorua.[2] Prior to planting the area was a tussock and scrub plateau (ranging between 500 and 2,481 ft (152 and 756 m) high), formed on volcanic ash.[3]
The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "long area of land" for Kāingaroa.[4]
The forest was first planted in the late 1920s[5][6] and owned as a state asset by the New Zealand government. Experimental planting of douglas fir and radiata pine began on a 5 acres (2.0 ha) block at Kaingaroa in 1901 and continued from 1906 using Waiotapu prison labour. By 1932 the pines averaged 128 ft (39 m) high and 2.1 ft (0.64 m) in diameter. Later planting was as an unemployment relief scheme.[3] While under government control it was known as the Kaingaroa State Forest.
In the 1980s the government sought to sell the forests to private interests. Several Māori iwi went to Court to prevent the sale, arguing that they were the traditional owners of the land, that the land had been wrongfully taken from them, and that the government should retain the land until a settlement of the claims had been reached.[7][8] It has taken 20 years to reach settlement of those claims and to see the forest lands returned to their traditional owners. On 1 July 2009, it passed to a group of tribes that were the traditional land owners in partial settlement of their claims that the Crown breached the Treaty of Waitangi. The forests themselves (the trees) continue to be owned by a private company (Kaingaroa Timberlands Ltd), which holds a forestry licence over the land.
New Zealand State Highway 38, from Wai-O-Tapu to Murupara crosses the forest.
Climate
[edit]| Climate data for Wairapukao Forest, elevation 437 m (1,434 ft), (1968–1987 normals, extremes 1951–1987) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.8 (91.0) |
32.1 (89.8) |
29.3 (84.7) |
26.1 (79.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.6 (81.7) |
30.0 (86.0) |
32.8 (91.0) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 28.9 (84.0) |
28.3 (82.9) |
25.2 (77.4) |
21.6 (70.9) |
17.8 (64.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
18.1 (64.6) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.9 (76.8) |
26.5 (79.7) |
29.5 (85.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.1 (73.6) |
22.9 (73.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
11.4 (52.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
16.9 (62.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
14.6 (58.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
7.8 (46.0) |
5.8 (42.4) |
5.2 (41.4) |
6.4 (43.5) |
8.2 (46.8) |
10.4 (50.7) |
12.9 (55.2) |
14.9 (58.8) |
10.8 (51.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.8 (49.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
4.9 (40.8) |
1.6 (34.9) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
0.8 (33.4) |
2.4 (36.3) |
4.3 (39.7) |
6.6 (43.9) |
8.7 (47.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 99.2 (3.91) |
79.1 (3.11) |
99.0 (3.90) |
104.1 (4.10) |
116.1 (4.57) |
130.8 (5.15) |
110.2 (4.34) |
131.2 (5.17) |
117.2 (4.61) |
112.9 (4.44) |
91.8 (3.61) |
135.9 (5.35) |
1,327.5 (52.26) |
| Source: NIWA[9] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Kaingaroa Village, elevation 544 m (1,785 ft), (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1951–1999) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.7 (89.1) |
30.7 (87.3) |
29.0 (84.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
23.7 (74.7) |
18.3 (64.9) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
26.7 (80.1) |
28.0 (82.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
31.7 (89.1) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 27.1 (80.8) |
26.4 (79.5) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.1 (68.2) |
17.6 (63.7) |
14.7 (58.5) |
13.3 (55.9) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.6 (61.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.2 (73.8) |
25.0 (77.0) |
27.8 (82.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.6 (70.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.9 (51.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
11.2 (52.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
15.5 (59.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.1 (68.2) |
16.0 (60.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) |
16.3 (61.3) |
14.1 (57.4) |
11.1 (52.0) |
8.4 (47.1) |
6.4 (43.5) |
5.7 (42.3) |
6.5 (43.7) |
8.4 (47.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.8 (58.6) |
10.9 (51.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) |
10.9 (51.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
5.7 (42.3) |
3.6 (38.5) |
2.0 (35.6) |
1.1 (34.0) |
1.7 (35.1) |
3.3 (37.9) |
5.4 (41.7) |
6.9 (44.4) |
9.5 (49.1) |
5.8 (42.4) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | 3.3 (37.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
0.6 (33.1) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.2 (32.4) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 90.6 (3.57) |
91.2 (3.59) |
119.3 (4.70) |
136.9 (5.39) |
113.5 (4.47) |
148.8 (5.86) |
142.2 (5.60) |
109.8 (4.32) |
139.3 (5.48) |
109.7 (4.32) |
94.5 (3.72) |
119.7 (4.71) |
1,415.5 (55.73) |
| Source: NIWA (rain 1991–2020)[10][11] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Waimihia Forest, elevation 743 m (2,438 ft) (1961–1990 normals, extremes 1951–1989) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.7 (85.5) |
28.9 (84.0) |
27.5 (81.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
28.3 (82.9) |
29.7 (85.5) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 25.5 (77.9) |
25.1 (77.2) |
22.3 (72.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
15.2 (59.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
11.8 (53.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
21.5 (70.7) |
23.4 (74.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.9 (67.8) |
19.6 (67.3) |
17.7 (63.9) |
14.4 (57.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
8.8 (47.8) |
8.0 (46.4) |
9.1 (48.4) |
10.9 (51.6) |
13.5 (56.3) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
13.9 (57.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
12.9 (55.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
6.9 (44.4) |
5.0 (41.0) |
4.3 (39.7) |
5.0 (41.0) |
6.7 (44.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
10.9 (51.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.4 (48.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
9.2 (48.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
5.2 (41.4) |
2.7 (36.9) |
1.1 (34.0) |
0.5 (32.9) |
1.0 (33.8) |
2.5 (36.5) |
4.1 (39.4) |
5.9 (42.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
4.8 (40.6) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | 2.0 (35.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 123 (4.8) |
113 (4.4) |
127 (5.0) |
111 (4.4) |
139 (5.5) |
157 (6.2) |
160 (6.3) |
156 (6.1) |
155 (6.1) |
143 (5.6) |
124 (4.9) |
156 (6.1) |
1,664 (65.4) |
| Source: NIWA[12] | |||||||||||||
References
[edit]- ^ "Forestry – Sabie".
- ^ "Hell in the heartland". The Sunday Star-Times. 2 August 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
- ^ a b "Miles of Trees – The Kaingaroa Plains". The New Zealand Herald. 22 March 1933. p. 6. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
- ^ "1000 Māori place names". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 6 August 2019.
- ^ "New Zealand forestry and the forest code of practice"
- ^ "The first planting boom, 1925–1935"
- ^ "Treelord deal takes a step closer". National Business Review. NZPA. 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
- ^ "Largest ever Treaty deal 'Treelords' passes into law". The New Zealand Herald. NZPA. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
- ^ "CliFlo -The National Climate Database (Agent number: 1834)". NIWA. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
- ^ "CliFlo – National Climate Database : Kaingaroa Forest". NIWA. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ "CliFlo -The National Climate Database (Agent number: 1819)". NIWA. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
- ^ "CliFlo -The National Climate Database (Agent number: 1861)". NIWA. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
External links
[edit]- Photos